3月4日消息，美国参议院近日推进一项名为《21世纪住房之路法案》（21st Century ROAD to Housing Act）的两党住房法案，其中一项条款明确限制美联储在2030年之前发行面向公众的央行数字货币（CBDC）。该条款被视为美国数字美元政策的重要转折点，也再次点燃市场对央行数字货币监管和隐私风险的讨论。
据了解，这项法案主要围绕提升住房可负担性展开，同时结合限制大型机构投资者收购独栋住宅的政策目标。在银行委员会主席Tim Scott与资深成员Elizabeth Warren公布最新立法文本后，参议院以84票赞成、6票反对的结果推动法案进入下一阶段。
在长达303页的法案中，有两页内容专门规定美联储不得直接或通过金融机构发行零售型央行数字货币。条款明确指出，美联储理事会及联邦储备银行不得创建或发行任何与CBDC本质相似的数字资产。此举被部分议员视为保护金融隐私的重要措施，因为数字美元一旦推出，理论上可能赋予政府更强的金融数据监控能力。
白宫方面已表达对该法案的支持。若最终版本保持不变，美国总统特朗普的顾问预计将建议签署法案使其生效。长期以来，特朗普对央行数字货币持强烈反对立场，并在2024年竞选期间公开表示，CBDC可能赋予政府对个人资金的过度控制权。
然而，法案设定的2030年到期条款也引发争议。一些政策分析人士认为，该禁令只是暂时性的限制，一旦期限结束，美联储仍可能重新推动数字美元计划。这意味着美国央行数字货币的未来仍存在较大政策不确定性。
值得注意的是，特朗普在2026年初曾签署一项名为“加强美国在数字金融技术领域领导地位”的行政命令，其中包含限制CBDC发展的内容。相比之下，此次立法设置的时间限制被部分观察人士视为对原有立场的某种妥协。
随着全球多国推进央行数字货币试点，美国对数字美元的监管态度正成为全球金融科技政策的重要风向标。市场普遍认为，围绕CBDC隐私、金融稳定以及货币政策影响的争论，未来几年仍将持续。
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