Brazil's Arabica Coffee Supply Crunch Fuels March Futures Rally

Arabica coffee continues to command attention in commodity markets as structural supply challenges emerge globally. The March contract recently advanced, bolstered by concerning production data from the world’s largest coffee producer.

Brazil Faces Production Headwinds

Brazil’s coffee situation presents a mixed picture for prices. While Conab, the country’s crop forecasting agency, raised its 2025 production estimate to 56.54 million bags—up 2.4% from September’s projection—recent export figures tell a different story. The Brazilian exporters’ council Cecafe revealed that November green coffee shipments plummeted 27% year-over-year to just 3.3 million bags, signaling tightening supply availability in near term.

Weather patterns compound these concerns. Minas Gerais, Brazil’s premier arabica coffee region, received only 11 mm of rainfall during the week ending December 5—merely 17% of the historical average according to Somar Meteorologia. Below-normal precipitation in this critical growing region continues to support price floors.

Vietnam’s Robusta Surge Pressures Market

Vietnam presents the opposite dynamic. The country’s November coffee exports surged 39% year-over-year to 88,000 MT, with January-through-November shipments climbing 14.8% to 1.398 million MT. Vietnam’s 2025/26 production outlook is equally robust—projected at 1.76 million MT (29.4 million bags), representing a 6% year-over-year increase and marking a 4-year high. The Vietnam Coffee and Cocoa Association indicated output could climb an additional 10% if favorable weather persists.

This abundant robusta supply keeps downward pressure on the January ICE contract, partially offsetting arabica’s strength.

Global Supply Balancing Act

The International Coffee Organization reported that global coffee exports for the current marketing year fell just 0.3% year-over-year to 138.658 million bags—a relatively stable reading despite regional shifts. Looking ahead, USDA’s Foreign Agriculture Service projects world coffee production in 2025/26 will reach a record 178.68 million bags, though with divergent trends: arabica production expected to decline 1.7% to 97.022 million bags while robusta surges 7.9% to 81.658 million bags.

The FAS forecasts suggest Brazil’s 2025/26 production will inch up 0.5% to 65 million bags, while Vietnam’s output rises 6.9% to 31 million bags.

Inventory Dynamics Support Arabica

Warehouse stocks remain constructive for arabica coffee prices. ICE-monitored arabica inventories recently recovered to a one-month high of 426,523 bags last Friday, having earlier fallen to a 1.75-year low of 398,645 bags on November 20. Meanwhile, ICE robusta inventories dipped to an 11.5-month low of 4,012 lots, indicating tighter conditions in the softer variety.

US Trade Headwinds Easing

US coffee purchasing patterns reflect recent tariff normalization. During August through October—when Trump-era tariffs remained active—US purchases of Brazilian coffee dropped 52% year-over-year to 983,970 bags. Now that those tariffs have been rescinded, US coffee inventories remain tight, potentially supporting near-term demand for Brazilian supplies.

Regulatory Shifts Shape Long-Term Outlook

The European Parliament’s November 26 approval of a one-year delay to the EU’s deforestation regulation (EUDR) temporarily alleviates supply concerns. This postponement allows continued agricultural imports from regions experiencing deforestation, keeping coffee supplies accessible. However, the ultimate implementation of deforestation standards could reshape supply chains once the delay expires.

The global coffee market continues balancing competing forces: arabica tightness from Brazilian weather challenges and declining US imports versus robusta abundance from Vietnam’s projected surge. Price stability will likely hinge on how these regional dynamics evolve through the 2025/26 season.