Rust智能合约安全:防御拒绝服务攻击

拒绝服务(DoS)攻击会导致智能合约在一段时间内无法被正常使用,甚至永久瘫痪。主要原因包括:

1. 合约逻辑存在计算复杂度过高的缺陷,导致Gas消耗超出限制。

2. 跨合约调用时对外部合约执行状态的依赖,可能被外部合约阻塞。

3. 合约所有者丢失私钥,无法执行关键的特权函数。

下面结合具体例子进行分析。

1. 避免遍历可被外部操控的大型数据结构

以下是一个简单的"分红"合约,存在DoS风险:

rust #[near_bindgen] #[derive(BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize)] pub struct Contract { pub registered: Vec, pub accounts: UnorderedMap<accountid, balance="">, }

pub fn register_account(&mut self) { if self.accounts.insert(&env::predecessor_account_id(), &0).is_some() { env::panic("The account is already registered".to_string().as_bytes()); } else { self.registered.push(env::predecessor_account_id()); } log!("Registered account {}", env::predecessor_account_id()); }

pub fn distribute_token(&mut self, amount: u128) { assert_eq!(env::predecessor_account_id(), DISTRIBUTOR, "ERR_NOT_ALLOWED");

for cur_account in self.registered.iter() {
    let balance = self.accounts.get(&cur_account).expect("ERR_GET");
    self.accounts.insert(&cur_account, &balance.checked_add(amount).expect("ERR_ADD"));
    log!("Try distribute to account {}", &cur_account);
    
    ext_ft_token::ft_transfer(
        cur_account.clone(),
        amount,
        &FTTOKEN,
        0,
        GAS_FOR_SINGLE_CALL
    );
}

}

该合约的问题在于registered数组大小没有限制,可被恶意用户操控使其过大,导致distribute_token函数Gas消耗超限。

推荐的解决方案是采用"提现"模式:

rust pub fn distribute_token(&mut self, amount: u128) { assert_eq!(env::predecessor_account_id(), DISTRIBUTOR, "ERR_NOT_ALLOWED");

for account in self.registered.iter() {
    let balance = self.accounts.get(&account).unwrap();
    self.accounts.insert(&account, &(balance + amount));
}

}

pub fn withdraw(&mut self) { let account = env::predecessor_account_id(); let amount = self.accounts.get(&account).unwrap(); self.accounts.insert(&account, &0);

ext_ft_token::ft_transfer(account, amount, &FTTOKEN, 0, GAS_FOR_SINGLE_CALL);

}

2. 避免跨合约调用状态依赖

下面是一个"竞价"合约示例:

rust #[near_bindgen] #[derive(BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize)] pub struct Contract { pub registered: Vec, pub bid_price: UnorderedMap<accountid,balance>, pub current_leader: AccountId, pub highest_bid: u128, }

pub fn bid(&mut self, sender_id: AccountId, amount: u128) -> PromiseOrValue { assert!(amount > self.highest_bid);

if self.current_leader == DEFAULT_ACCOUNT {
    self.current_leader = sender_id;
    self.highest_bid = amount;
} else {
    ext_ft_token::account_exist(
        self.current_leader.clone(),
        &FTTOKEN,
        0,
        env::prepaid_gas() - GAS_FOR_SINGLE_CALL * 4,
    ).then(ext_self::account_resolve(
        sender_id,
        amount,
        &env::current_account_id(),
        0,
        GAS_FOR_SINGLE_CALL * 3,
    ));
}

PromiseOrValue::Value(0)

}

#[private] pub fn account_resolve(&mut self, sender_id: AccountId, amount: u128) { match env::promise_result(0) { PromiseResult::Successful(_) => { ext_ft_token::ft_transfer( self.current_leader.clone(), self.highest_bid, &FTTOKEN, 0, GAS_FOR_SINGLE_CALL * 2, ); self.current_leader = sender_id; self.highest_bid = amount; } PromiseResult::Failed => { ext_ft_token::ft_transfer( sender_id.clone(), amount, &FTTOKEN, 0, GAS_FOR_SINGLE_CALL * 2, ); log!("Return Back Now"); } PromiseResult::NotReady => unreachable!(), }; }

该合约存在的问题是,如果前一个出价最高者注销了账户,新的竞价者将无法成功更新状态。

解决方法是实现合理的错误处理,例如将无法退回的代币暂存,后续再由用户自行提取:

rust pub struct Contract { // ... pub lost_found: UnorderedMap<accountid, balance="">, }

pub fn account_resolve(&mut self, sender_id: AccountId, amount: u128) { match env::promise_result(0) { PromiseResult::Successful(_) => { // 正常退款逻辑 } PromiseResult::Failed => { // 将无法退回的代币暂存 let lost_amount = self.lost_found.get(&self.current_leader).unwrap_or(0); self.lost_found.insert(&self.current_leader, &(lost_amount + self.highest_bid));

        // 更新状态
        self.current_leader = sender_id;
        self.highest_bid = amount;
    }
    PromiseResult::NotReady => unreachable!(),
}

}

pub fn withdraw_lost_found(&mut self) { let account = env::predecessor_account_id(); let amount = self.lost_found.get(&account).unwrap_or(0); if amount > 0 { self.lost_found.insert(&account, &0); ext_ft_token::ft_transfer(account, amount, &FTTOKEN, 0, GAS_FOR_SINGLE_CALL); } }

3. 避免单点故障

合约所有者私钥丢失会导致关键特权功能无法使用。解决方法是采用多签名机制:

rust pub struct Contract { pub owners: Vec, pub required_confirmations: u64, pub transactions: Vec, }

pub fn propose_transaction(&mut self, transaction: Transaction) { assert!(self.owners.contains(&env::predecessor_account_id()), "Not an owner"); self.transactions.push(transaction); }

pub fn confirm_transaction(&mut self, transaction_id: u64) { assert!(self.owners.contains(&env::predecessor_account_id()), "Not an owner");

let transaction = &mut self.transactions[transaction_id as usize];
transaction.confirmations += 1;

if transaction.confirmations >= self.required_confirmations {
    self.execute_transaction(transaction_id);
}

}

fn execute_transaction(&mut self, transaction_id: u64) { let transaction = self.transactions.remove(transaction_id as usize); // 执行交易逻辑 }

通过多签名机制,可以避免单个所有者私钥丢失导致的合约瘫痪,提高合约的去中心化程度和安全性。

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