Today I want to share something quite interesting about the structure of blockchain. If you’re new to this field, you might wonder what L0 is, or why there are L1, L2, L3. In fact, these are different layers of the blockchain protocol, proposed by experts to solve problems related to performance, scalability, and interoperability between chains.

To put it simply, think of blockchain like a tower. L0 is the foundation, L1 is the main body of the tower, L2 is the top part, and L3 is the final decorative details. Each layer serves a different purpose, but they depend on one another.

Starting with L0 — the data transmission layer. This is the lowest-level protocol, like a fast delivery system. What is L0? It is the layer responsible for transporting data across the entire blockchain network. It uses encryption and distributed storage to ensure that data can’t be tampered with, like adding locks and seals onto the data. In addition, it also enables cross-chain transactions, acting like a translator so that different blockchains can communicate with each other. Projects such as IPFS, Filecoin, TLS, and HTTPS all operate at this layer.

L1 is the first protocol layer, where the main foundation of the blockchain is built. Bitcoin and Ethereum are typical examples. Instead of creating a new layer, L1 improves performance by optimizing the protocol itself. Bitcoin uses Proof of Work, so it’s secure but slow. Ethereum uses PoW/PoS, offering a better balance. BSC runs on 50 validators with PoSA, allowing fast block creation and low fees. Avalanche uses a snowball mechanism, making it both fast and flexible.

L2 is where the real magic happens. Instead of changing the main blockchain, L2 handles transactions off-chain and then sends the results back. Lightning Network enables instant payments, while Optimistic Rollup and ZkRollup increase transaction speed by many times while still keeping security. This approach makes transactions both fast and cheap.

Finally, L3 — the application layer. This is where users truly interact. DeFi enables decentralized lending and trading, NFTs create unique digital assets, and DApps run on blockchain with high transparency. Protecting privacy is also an important concern at this layer.

Overall, understanding these layers helps you grasp how blockchain works—from the most basic level to real-world applications. If you want to learn more or follow related tokens like OP, ARB, BNB, you can check on Gate to see more details.